Relavistim 2 page essay, The Concept Of Moral Relativism

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In order not to become self-absorbed, it is necessary to train the sense of cultural relativism in the society and make certain differentiations between the idea of cultural relativism and ethnocentrism. Relavistim 2 page essay

Ethical Relativism

Cultures differ widely in their moral practices. As anthropologist Ruth Benedict illustrates in Patterns of Culture, diversity is evident even on those matters of morality where we would expect to agree:

We might suppose that in the matter of taking life all peoples would agree on condemnation. On the contrary, in the matter of homicide, it may be held that one kills by custom his two children, or that a husband has a right of life and death over his wife or that it is the duty of the child to kill his parents before they are old. It may be the case that those are killed who steal fowl, or who cut their upper teeth first, or who are born on Wednesday. Among some peoples, a person suffers torment at having caused an accidental death, among others, it is a matter of no consequence. Suicide may also be a light matter, the recourse of anyone who has suffered some slight rebuff, an act that constantly occurs in a tribe. It may be the highest and noblest act a wise man can perform. The very tale of it, on the other hand, may be a matter for incredulous mirth, and the act itself, impossible to conceive as human possibility. Or it may be a crime punishable by law, or regarded as a sin against the gods. (pp.45-46)

Other anthropologists point to a range of practices considered morally acceptable in some societies but condemned in others, including infanticide, genocide, polygamy, racism, sexism, and torture. Such differences may lead us to question whether there are any universal moral principles or whether morality is merely a matter of "cultural taste." Differences in moral practices across cultures raise an important issue in ethics -- the concept of "ethical relativism."

Ethical relativism is the theory that holds that morality is relative to the norms of one's culture. That is, whether an action is right or wrong depends on the moral norms of the society in which it is practiced. The same action may be morally right in one society but be morally wrong in another. For the ethical relativist, there are no universal moral standards -- standards that can be universally applied to all peoples at all times. The only moral standards against which a society's practices can be judged are its own. If ethical relativism is correct, there can be no common framework for resolving moral disputes or for reaching agreement on ethical matters among members of different societies.

Most ethicists reject the theory of ethical relativism. Some claim that while the moral practices of societies may differ, the fundamental moral principles underlying these practices do not. For example, in some societies, killing one's parents after they reached a certain age was common practice, stemming from the belief that people were better off in the afterlife if they entered it while still physically active and vigorous. While such a practice would be condemned in our society, we would agree with these societies on the underlying moral principle -- the duty to care for parents. Societies, then, may differ in their application of fundamental moral principles but agree on the principles.

Also, it is argued, it may be the case that some moral beliefs are culturally relative whereas others are not. Certain practices, such as customs regarding dress and decency, buy a essay may depend on local custom whereas other practices, such as slavery, torture, or political repression, may be governed by universal moral standards and judged wrong despite the many other differences that exist among cultures. Simply because some practices are relative does not mean that all practices are relative.

Other philosophers criticize ethical relativism because of its implications for individual moral beliefs. These philosophers assert that if the rightness or wrongness of an action depends on a society's norms, then it follows that one must obey the norms of one's society and to diverge from those norms is to act immorally. This means that if I am a member of a society that believes that racial or sexist practices are morally permissible, then I must accept those practices as morally right. But such a view promotes social conformity and leaves no room for moral reform or improvement in a society. Furthermore, members of the same society may hold different views on practices. In the United States, for example, a variety of moral opinions exists on matters ranging from animal experimentation to abortion. What constitutes right action when social consensus is lacking?

Perhaps the strongest argument against ethical relativism comes from those who assert that universal moral standards can exist even if some moral practices and beliefs vary among cultures. In other words, we can acknowledge cultural differences in moral practices and beliefs and still hold that some of these practices and beliefs are morally wrong. The practice of slavery in pre-Civil war U.S. society or the practice of apartheid in South Africa is wrong despite the beliefs of those societies. The treatment of the Jews in Nazi society is morally reprehensible regardless of the moral beliefs of Nazi society.

For these philosophers, ethics is an inquiry into right and wrong through a critical examination of the reasons underlying practices and beliefs. As a theory for justifying moral practices and beliefs, ethical relativism fails to recognize that some societies have better reasons for holding their views than others.

But even if the theory of ethical relativism is rejected, it must be acknowledged that the concept raises important issues. Ethical relativism reminds us that different societies have different moral beliefs and that our beliefs are deeply influenced by culture. It also encourages us to explore the reasons underlying beliefs that differ from our own, while challenging us to examine our reasons for the beliefs and values we hold.

The Concept Of Moral Relativism

Morals depend on well-established benchmarks of good and bad that recommend what people should do, more often than not as far as rights, commitments, advantages to society, reasonableness, or buy essay online explicit excellences. Relativism is the possibility that sees in respect to contrasts in recognition and thought. There is no all-inclusive, target truth as per relativism; rather each perspective has its very own reality. Ethics or morals are relative to culture, religion, and attitude because human beings vary and so does culture differ.

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Unmistakable good relativism, otherwise called social relativism, says that ethical guidelines are socially characterized, which is commonly valid. To be sure, there might be a couple of qualities that appear to be almost all inclusive, for example, genuineness and regard, however, numerous distinctions show up crosswise over societies when individuals assess moral gauges the world over.

Meta-moral good relativism expresses that there is no target justification for inclining toward the ethical estimations of one culture over another. Social orders settle on their ethical decisions dependent on their one of a kind convictions, traditions, and practices. What’s more, indeed, individuals will in general trust that the ‘right’ moral qualities are the qualities that exist in their own way of life.

Regulating moral relativism is the possibility that all social orders ought to acknowledge each other’s contrasting good qualities, given that there are no all-inclusive good standards. Most thinkers differ in any case.

Moral absolutism is on the far edge of the continuum from good absolutism, which says that there is constantly one right response to any moral inquiry. In fact, the individuals who stick to moral relativism would state, ‘When in Rome, do as the Romans do.’ Most good relativists are social relativists, who hold that ethical certainties are with respect to the convictions predominant in a specific culture. Along these lines, what makes it wrong for you to submit murder, in the event that it isn’t right, is this is the overwhelming perspective in your way of life. In the event that one culture believes it’s inappropriate to murder an individual to get her wallet and another doesn’t, there’s no autonomous standard to speak to that can disclose to us whether one culture is correct or the other is. From the social relativist’s perspective, there is no logical inconsistency. The two societies are right. There’s simply no real way to get outside of the two societies and figure out which is correct, and no compelling reason to do as such. One view is valid for the general population of one culture; another is valid for the general population of the other culture.

Pundits guarantee that relativists regularly misrepresent the level of decent variety among societies since shallow contrasts frequently veil hidden shared understandings. Indeed, some state that there is a center arrangement of general qualities that any human culture must underwrite in the event that it is to prosper. Moral relativists are additionally blamed for conflictingly asserting that there are no widespread good standards while speaking to a rule of resilience as a general standard. According to numerous faultfinders, however, the most genuine protest to moral relativism is that it suggests the noxious result that ‘anything goes’: subjugation is simply as per the standards of a slave society; misogynist rehearses are direct as per the estimations of a chauvinist culture. Without some kind of non-relative standard to engage, the commentators contend, we have no reason for basic good examinations of our own way of life’s shows, or for making a decision about one society to be superior to another. Normally, most good relativists ordinarily dismiss the supposition that such decisions require a non-relativistic establishment. However, essay online buy everybody is entitled to their own opinion and no one’s opinion is better than the other. Whatever action you take is right according to the culture or religion that the moral agents find themselves in. The fundamental contentions for good relativism are not really all perfect. For example, some relativists assume that esteem decisions are in a general sense not the same as true decisions (which can be dispassionately valid), while others see the reality of the two sorts of judgment as unchangeably with respect to some applied or social system. The contentions given here along these lines speak to various courses by which one may land at a relativistic perspective on ethical quality.

From the view of a moral relativist, greeting may be an essential act when it comes to Africa, West-Africa to be precise. A child in this part of the continent cannot pass by an elder without him or her greeting that elder. If this child sees the elder one thousand times in a day, this child tends to greet that elder one thousand times that same day because it is part of their culture and what they are used to. Howsoever, in other some societies outside West-Africa, greeting is not really demanded or essential. Now knowing that not all societies are the same, a relativist would not find it wrong if he is greeted or not putting in consideration the background of the individual greeting and that every culture or society has some things they do and do not do.

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Free Essay About Concept of Morality

The minimum concept of morality is an endeavour to recognize the basis of morality which is independent of culture. It assumes an objective quality of morality is present. In the view, to be happy in the short term, sometimes short term pain is required, meaning that happiness can vary with time. Morality is conduct with the guidance of impartial reason. Morality requires that we must have impartial consideration for every individual’s interests. Moral judgement must always have backing of good reasons. Rationality enables individuals to make choices which are free, enables them to be centres of action that .

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